Sapphire

Sapphire is a single crystal of α-Al2O3 (aluminum oxide) with a diamond crystal structure. It has excellent mechanical, thermal and electrical properties, making it useful in many industrial applications. The following are the main physical properties of sapphire:

Physical properties:
Specific Gravity, S.G.: approximately 3.98
Porosity: extremely low, almost zero
Vickers Hardness: 2000-2400 HV
Flexural Strength: 700 MPa
Compressive Strength: 2000 MPa
Young's Modulus: 400 GPa
Fracture Toughness: 3.5 MPa√m
thermal properties
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion: 5×10^-6/K (20-1000°C)
Thermal Conductivity: 35 W/m.K (25°C)
Specific Heat: 0.75 J/g.K (25°C)
Electrical properties
Dielectric Strength/Resistivity (Dielectric Strength): 15-40 kV/mm
Volume Resistivity: 10^16 Ω.cm (25°C)
Dielectric constant (Permittivity)@1MHz: 11.5
Dielectric Loss Angle@1MHz: 10^-4        Sapphire combines excellent thermal, mechanical and electrical properties, making it an indispensable material in high-tech industries such as optoelectronics, aerospace, and semiconductors.And sapphire is an important gem material that is widely used in the field of science and technology. Sapphire processing technology refers to the process of cutting, polishing, and processing raw sapphire materials to make sapphire products of various shapes and sizes. The sapphire processing process requires strict control of parameters such as temperature, pressure and speed to ensure product quality and performance.

       Sapphire processing equipment includes cutting machines, grinders, polishing machines and other types of equipment. These equipment need to have the characteristics of high precision, high efficiency and stability to meet the needs of complex processing techniques. Sapphire processing technology usually includes multiple steps such as raw material selection, cutting, grinding, polishing, and inspection. Each step requires precise operation and strict quality control.

        Sapphire processing methods mainly include two types: mechanical processing and chemical processing. Mechanical processing refers to the use of cutting machines, grinders and other equipment to process sapphire, while chemical processing uses chemical solutions to process sapphire to improve its appearance and performance. Different processing methods will have different effects on the performance and appearance of sapphire, and the appropriate processing method needs to be selected according to specific application requirements.

         In the field of science and technology, sapphire is widely used in optical lenses, laser equipment, optical communications and other fields. Sapphire is widely favored because of its excellent optical properties and chemical stability and its ability to withstand high-energy laser beams. In the manufacturing of optical lenses, sapphire needs to be precision cut and polished to ensure the flatness and optical performance of the mirror; in laser equipment, sapphire needs to have high transparency and low optical absorption to ensure the stability of the laser beam. Output; In optical communications, sapphire is used to manufacture key components such as fiber optic connectors and fiber optic couplers, which require surface smoothness and precision down to sub-micron levels.

About percision measurement
About hard and brittle materials processing